Operation Mincemeat allowed British intelligence operatives to trick Hitler into thinking that the Allies were about to invade Greece and not Sicily — leaving the Nazis vulnerable and changing the course of World War II.
Public DomainThe fake soldier , William Martin , was actually the cadaver of a Welsh floater named Glyndwr Michael . Photographed , here , however , is M15 agent Ronnie Reed .
On a spring daylight in 1943 , the eubstance of a British soldier holding a briefcase full of classified material wash ashore near Huelva , Spain . The fishermen who found him alerted the Spanish authorities , who give notice the Nazis . But the waterlogged corpse was actually part of an detailed artifice codenamed Operation Mincemeat .
The schema , engineer by British intelligence , was one of mismanagement . The British hoped that the document with the bastard soldier would win over the Nazis that the Allies were contrive to invade Greece and Sardinia — and not Sicily , as they planned .
Public DomainThe fake soldier, William Martin, was actually the corpse of a Welsh drifter named Glyndwr Michael. Photographed, here, however, is M15 agent Ronnie Reed.
Though this ambitious mission sounds like something from a spy novel , it did the trick . The Nazis shifted their troops to Greece and the Allies succeeded in taking Sicily . Now , this astonish true story has been lard in the movieOperation Mincemeat , star Colin Firth and Matthew Macfadyen .
Why The British Designed Operation Mincemeat
By the end of 1942 , the dynamics of World War II had start to shift . The Allies had successfully battled the Axis tycoon in North Africa and had begin to contemplate shifting their focal point to Europe . They wanted to take Sicily — but worry that it was too obvious a strategy .
Public DomainBritish Naval intelligence officer Ewen Montagu , who helped make and carry out Operation Mincemeat in 1943 . He afterward published a best - selling book about the plot of land .
“ Everyone but a fucking jester would know that it ’s Sicily , ” Prime Minister Winston Churchill said at the meter .
Public DomainBritish Naval intelligence officer Ewen Montagu, who helped create and carry out Operation Mincemeat in 1943. He later published a best-selling book about the plot.
Obvious or not , the Allies were convinced that they needed to take the strategically place island , which Churchill line as “ Europe ’s cushy underbelly . ” To do so , British intelligence operation start to develop Operation Barclay , a disinformation campaign that indicated their focus was in the Balkans .
Out of this dodge follow a wildly challenging plot — to dispatch a corpse with simulated “ classified ” papers to trick the Nazis . The idea was first floated in a 1939 memorandum compose by Britain ’s director of naval intelligence , John Godfrey — but which , according toHistory Extra , was in all likelihood written by his assistant , futureJames Bondauthor Ian Fleming .
The memorandum , called the Trout Memo , hint several different ways that British intelligence could apply disinformation . Idea # 28 advise : “ A corpse dressed as an airman , with despatch in his pocket , could be dropped on the seashore , supposedly from a parachute that had failed . ”
National ArchivesIntelligence officers included this photograph of a fictional fiancée named “Pam” with the body to add to its authenticity. In reality, the photo is of an MI5 staff member.
It tot up : “ I understand there is no difficulty in incur corps at the Naval Hospital , but , of course of study , it would have to be a clean one . ”
Before long , the so - call Operation Mincemeat was put into action . But intelligence officers had one job — they needed a body .
How Intelligence Officers Created A Fake Soldier
The task of developing Operation Mincemeat — and finding a dead body to serve its purposes — fall to intelligence information agents Ewen Montagu and Charles Cholmondeley . harmonise toSky chronicle , Montagu drive in touch with a London medical examiner , who alerted him about a body found in a storage warehouse in King ’s Cross .
The body belonged to a 34 - year - old Welsh humankind named Glyndwr Michael , a homeless adult male who ’d drop dead after take in rat poison . He perfectly fit out Montagu and Cholmondeley ’s purposes , and they begin to develop a phony identity for him as a British soldier named Captain ( Acting Major ) William Martin .
But for Operation Mincemeat to operate , Montagu and Cholmondeley needed to give their fake soldier ’s corpse more than a name and a social rank . So , they get down to make a rich , detailed life for the soldier who did n’t exist , including a fiancée named Pam and a tense relationship with his imaginary father .
St. John Horsfall/The Times/Public DomainCharles Cholmondeley and Ewen Montagu transporting the body of their fake soldier in 1943.
National ArchivesIntelligence officers included this photograph of a fictional fiancée key out “ Pam ” with the body to impart to its authenticity . In realness , the pic is of an MI5 staff member .
“ Do n’t please lease them station you off into the blue the ugly way they do nowadays — now that we ’ve recover each other out of the whole macrocosm , I do n’t think I could carry it , ” translate a letter from “ Pam ” that the agent made up . They even had an MI5 clerk , Jean Leslie , pose for a photograph .
Montagu and Cholmondeley did n’t skimp on the item of Martin ’s fake spirit . Their faux soldier also carried a disputatious letter from his father , theater tag counterfoil , stamps , a receipt for a diamond engagement ring , and even a observation from Lloyd ’s Bank demand quittance for a recent overdraft .
Imperial War Museum/Public DomainBritish troops await orders to march on the town of Centuripe, Sicily, on Aug. 2, 1943, just a week before the Naxis’ evacuation began.
“ The level of detail they went to was incredible : including wear thin the reckon Martin ’s uniform and underclothes so it would seem worn to the right extent , ” historiographer Ben Macintyre , who write the 2010 bookOperation Mincemeat : How a Dead Man and a Bizarre Plan fool the Nazis and Assured an Allied Victortold theBBC .
Crucially , the intelligence operation agent also included a alphabetic character labeled “ PERSONAL AND MOST SECRET ” from Lieutenant General Sir Archibald Nye , the frailty - chief of the Imperial General Staff . It advise that the British planned to construct up their forces in Greece and Sardinia — not in Sicily .
The varsity letter even enjoin , “ We stand a very honest probability of making [ Hitler ] think we will go for Sicily – it is an obvious objective and one about which he must be aflutter . ”
With that , Operation Mincemeat was quick to start .
The Nazis Bought The Daring Espionage Scheme Completely
Ten days before he wash up on shore in Spain , Ewen Montagu and Charles Cholmondeley bundle “ Captain William Martin ” into a truck fill up with juiceless frappe and drove to Scotland . From there , they loaded him onto the submarine HMSSeraph , which took him to the Spanish Gulf of Cádiz .
St. John Horsfall / The Times / Public DomainCharles Cholmondeley and Ewen Montagu transporting the dead body of their fake soldier in 1943 .
About a mile from the seashore , officers lower his consistence into the water and rev the Cuban sandwich ’s engines to press it to shore . unbelievably , their stratagem operate . On April 30 , 1943 , a sardine fisher find oneself the dead world — and the briefcase chain to his articulatio radiocarpea — and reported it to Spanish authorities .
Though Spain was formally neutral during World War II , British intelligence operation knew very well that the Nazis had a mien in the country . And indeed , the breakthrough of the body was swiftly report to the Abwehr , German military intelligence information , via a spy name Adolf Clauss .
Just in showcase , however , the British also sent a letter to Spain take for the man and his briefcase back . “ Secret document in all probability in inglorious briefcase , earliest potential information required , it should be recovered at once , tutelage should be taken that it does not get into unsuitable hands , ” the letter understand . The Germans buy it . According to Sky account , the briefcase was examine , and Nye ’s fake letter was opened . Then , the Germans plume it in saltwater to make it seem like it had never been touched .
They did n’t realize that Montagu and Cholmondeley had left an lash in the letter to discern if anyone had open it . And , sure enough , the lash was go when the briefcase was returned .
What ’s more , British codebreakers at Bletchley Park decoded messages to Adolf Hitler that confirmed Nazi spies had told him about the body . In a telegram to Churchill , word officer triumphantly wrote : “ Mincemeat swallowed rod , line , and donut . ”
But did Operation Mincemeat in reality make a difference ?
How Operation Mincemeat Led To A Successful Invasion Of Sicily
After Nazi spies canvass William Martin ’s soundbox in Spain , Germany ’s warfare scheme took a spectacular turn . The Germans move armored combat vehicle from France to Greece and poured men and weapons into the Balkans . They even redistribute their force play from Sicily .
Imperial War Museum / Public DomainBritish troop look orders to abut on the town of Centuripe , Sicily , on Aug. 2 , 1943 , just a week before the Naxis ’ evacuation start out .
And when the Allies occupy Sicily on July 10 , 1943 — as they ’d plan all along — they were able to enchant the island in just over a calendar month of fighting . And they suffer far fewer casualties than initially bode .
In fact , Operation Mincemeat bring so well that Hitler first assumed that the Sicily encroachment was a sleight of hand meant to distract him from the future invasion of Greece that he remember was come .
“ ‘ What if ’ account is always dangerous , ” Ben Macintyre toldHistory Extra . “ But I recollect it is fairish to say , at the very least , that without Operation Mincemeat , Adolf Hitler would not have diverted troops to Greece , throw the invasion a great deal harder and dull – if not impossible . ”
He total , “ Had the dissimulation been exhibit as such , the outcome might well have been catastrophic and altered the course of the warfare . ”
Despite the seemingly spectacular results of Operation Mincemeat , no one know about the daring plot until 1953 . Then , Ewen Montagu name it in his bookThe Man Who Never Was , which was plow into a film a few years by and by . Now , the story has a film for a new generation with the Netflix movieOperation Mincemeat .
But the stateless human used for the plot — Glyndwr Michael — was largely forgotten . He was even bury under his fake name in Huelva , Spain . It was n’t until 1998 that his gravestone was updated with the line of business “ Glyndwr Michael ; Served as Major William Martin , RM ” ( Royal Marines ) .
Michael , Montagu later said , was “ a fleck of a ne’er - do - well … the only worthwhile matter that he ever did he did after his last . ”
But Macintyre sees affair a mo otherwise . He told the BBC , “ Glyndwr Michael is possibly the most unlikely hero of the entire Second World War . ”
After reading about Operation Mincemeat , see howOperation Quicksilverhelped the Allies cover up their program for D - Day . Then , read the incredible stories of these11 World War II immunity fighter .
